Engineering Ethics - 601 Words

Engineering dilemma. ‘Engineering ethics’ refer to the ethical issues involved in the engineering profession. Ethics are concerned with moral decisions in professional behaviour. Whilst morality generally refers to any aspect of human action, ethics is concerned with making the ‘right’ decisions in a professional context. Engineering ethics and consideration of the impact of engineering on the environment are issues of relevance and importance to any engineer or engineering student. Ethics is concerned with utilitarianism – the production of the greatest good for the greatest number. A contentious ethical issue for engineers is when to privilege their work over the environment. Engineering impacts both positively and negatively on the†¦show more content†¦Implementing engineering practice in some areas may destroy or change the natural balance and way of natural working, resulting in devastation of the environment as a regrettable consequence. Engineers must strive to find practicable solutions to reduce their collective ‘carbon footprint’ and to redress the harm of past action, for example forward looking initiatives such as the conversion of mine waste into low cost housing materials and recycling schemes implemented in many residential areas. The ever present ethical dilemma of an engineer is when to privilege profit and productivity over issues such as pollution, habitat destruction and soil infertility. When the pros and cons are weighed up against each other the ultimate rule to be followed is the golden rule, â€Å"hurt not others with that which pains yourself†. When undertaking decisions concerned with environmental impact, both long term and short term effects must be taken into consideration. Excessive farming and processing of fertile land may eventually render the same land infertile. The use of fossil fuels may not have had an immediate effect on the environment but now we understand their impact in the form of greenhouse gasses and their great contribution to global warming. Extensive research must be undertaken in an attempt toShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics Of Engineering Ethics2079 Words   |  9 Pagesaddresses the importance of engineering ethics as it pertains to the health, safety, and well-being of not only individuals but society. By beginning with the root needs of engineering ethics by first discussing its history and then moving on to how unethical choices can and have had a deadly impact on communities. Once a basis is established the document states the core fundamentals, instructions, and responsibilities of engine ering ethics. I. INTRODUCTION What is engineering ethics and what is its importanceRead MoreEngineering : Engineering And Ethics917 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Engineering? Engineering is a profession in which knowledge of mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience and practices is applied with judgement to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of natures for the benefits of Mankind – (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology-ABET) Sara Pfatteicher in her book Introduction to post disaster engineering and ethics describes engineers as â€Å"design under constrains†. She describes the main threeRead MoreEngineering Ethics Of The Engineering Profession1814 Words   |  8 Pages Engineering is a pylon of human development and technology,having a significant impact on people’s daily lives. Engineering has improved humanity in every aspect (e.g. transportation, communication, medicine) and it has the potential to overcome the challenges that mankind still faces. However, engineers have responsibility for their actions and they must learn to follow a set of ethical principles relating to their work. All of which have to be followed to the letter otherwise there can beRead More Engineering Ethics Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesthe primary goal of a course on engineering should be to teach students the standards of professional conduct as set out by major engineering codes of ethics, or if they sh ould think autonomously about moral issues. The speaker in the essay question suggest that the former argument is correct, and that engineering courses should have the goal of teaching students to master the standards set out by codes of ethics as following these is what engineering ethics consists of. This means that studentsRead MoreComputer Engineering Ethics4002 Words   |  17 Pagesbetween a patent, a trademark, and a copyright ï‚ · Identify some ways of credentialing a person to practice computer engineering ï‚ · Describe issues that contrast risk issues with safety issues ï‚ · Identify some issues in computer engineering that address privacy ï‚ · Describe whistle blowing and the conflicts between ethics and practice that may result from doing so ï‚ · Describe how computer engineering uses or benefits from social and professional issues. 2.2 Reasons for Studying Social and Professional Issues Read MoreEthics in Engineering Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesEthics is the moral behavior that guides our actio ns; it motivates us in our personal behavior and is relevant in a business setting as well. Many organizations have set forth a set of guidelines known as a â€Å"Code of Ethics†. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, being one of these organizations, has set forth their code as a requirement for students and engineer members to adhere to. Heading towards a career in electrical engineering I choose this organization to elaborate on forRead MoreEngineering Ethics And Why Engineers Essay2007 Words   |  9 PagesEngineering ethics and why engineers are expected to use the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Introduction Engineering is a very important part of society, all types of engineers are important for our world to keep running smoothly, from civil engineers designing, planning and overseeing structures like dams and bridges. Mechanical engineers who design, develop and build mechanical and thermal devices, including tools, engines and machines. They are the reason we have safe and comfortableRead MoreEngineering Ethics Within The Scope Of Engineering Essay1991 Words   |  8 Pagesstill a key aspect of engineering. Engineers advance society with their technological feats, but research is what advances engineering itself. As it is the case that research is so central to engineering, it makes sense to explore research ethics within the scope of engineering. Engineering ethical codes, such as the NSPE code, do not make explicit mandates regard- ing research. However, their fundamental canons are certainly general enough to preclude malpractice in engineering research. For all ofRead MoreEthics And The Field Of Engineering1783 Words   |  8 PagesScholars and practitioners in the field of engineering identified as depicting high level interest in the question, ‘Do professional duties of an engineer go beyond conscientiously and effectively carrying out the instructions of their employer? If so, why and how? If not, why not? The general relevance of the question is identified in terms of ethics playing role in the field of engineering. In general terms, it deals with the nature and impact of the engineering technology on society. The researchersRead MoreThe Gold And Engineering Ethics932 Words   |  4 PagesGilbane Gold and Engineering Ethics Ethics are fundamental in all human interaction; they guide or beliefs and behaviors, therefore fundamentally affecting how we live life. As Christians, it is especially important to live a life of ethics in order to follow the standard to which God has called us with the words: â€Å"Do all things without grumbling or disputing; so that you will prove yourselves to be blameless and innocent, children of God above reproach in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation

Principles Of Humanitarian Action Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(129) " International Committee of the Red Cross: It has a separate position by virtuousness of its standing and tutelary duty for IHL\." Introduction Armed struggles pose a serious menace to international peace and security. Conflicts among cabals within a State are going more common, than among states. The deceases during World War I were 13 per centum among the military and 14 per centum among civilians. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles Of Humanitarian Action Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now During World War II, military deceases were 15 per centum but civilian deceases rose to 67 per centum. In recent struggles some ninety per centum of the casualties are estimated to be civilian1. The entire figure of deceases reflects a little fraction of the huge agony, supplanting and desolation of struggles. Human rights maltreatment is rife in struggles. Health attention forces are a cardinal resource during human-centered response to struggles and catastrophe and represent diverse bureaus. It is indispensable that they comprehend the issues that impact wellness and human-centered aid in struggle zones. Conflicts Defined The Conventions and the Protocols deliberately use the term â€Å" armed struggle † alternatively ofA war, in order to capture the spectrum of violent struggles in which Non StateActorsareinvolved2.However itsA restrictivenessA toA onlyA considerA twoA classs ofA armedA struggle, international and non-international armed struggles, concludes that it does non use on internal perturbations or otherA stray Acts of the Apostless of violence3. If an armed struggle can be viewed as a struggle of an international character so the wholeA jus in bello applies to the struggle. If the same struggle is considered to be of a non-international character, so it is the basic regulations of Common Article 3 which will be applicable, significantly restricting the protection offered to those involved in such conflict.4 The differentiation of a struggle as international or non-international is less relevant these yearss, as customary regulations apply in any armed conflict.5 It may be argued that province pattern and opinio juris does non use IHL to struggles between provinces and NSAs and States have ever distinguished between struggles against one another, to which the full organic structure of IHL applied, and other armed struggles to which provinces are non prepared to use the same regulations. The Conflict Environment Conflicts demonstrate an assault on the cardinal right to life -viz slaughters, indiscriminate onslaughts on civilians, anguish and executing of captives, famishment of full populations and curtailing freedom of motion -viz physical resettlements, mass ejections, denial of the right to seek refuge or the right to return to one ‘s place. Women and misss are raped and forced into harlotry, and kids are abducted to function as soldiers. Peoples detained â€Å" disappear † , normally killed and buried in secret, with households non cognizing their destiny. Thousands are randomly imprisoned and ne’er brought to test or, are capable to unjust processs. There is a denial of cardinal rights associating to employment, lodging, nutrient or the regard for cultural life. Homes, schools and infirmaries are intentionally destroyed. Relief convoys supplying human-centered assistance are attacked. The prostration of substructure and civic establishments undermines the scope of civil, economic, political and societal rights. Ill wellness and poorness are frequently the most annihilating long-run effects of struggles. Armed conflicts clearly illustrate maltreatment of human rights and the indivisibility and mutuality of all human rights. In 1945, at the Tribunal of Nuremberg, tried war felons of Nazi Germany, and the international community pledged that â€Å" ne’er once more † would it let monstrous offenses against humanity or race murder. In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, one twenty-four hours before following the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1949, a Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, held in Geneva adopted four Conventions, which codified the human-centered action of soldiers in times of war. By 1951, these international pacts against race murder, war offenses and offenses against humanity had entered into force, set uping a organic structure of jurisprudence known as International Humanitarian Law. The International Tribunal for Yugoslavia was established in 1993 and the International Tribunal in Rwanda, was formed in 1994 after the ‘ethnic cleaning ‘ and ‘systematic race murder ‘ in these states. In July 1998, the International Criminal Court was created. The constitution of the Court demonstrates that the international community is no longer willing to digest misdemeanors of human rights without delegating duty. Unlike the ad hoc Tribunals, the Court provides a mechanism for penalizing culprits of race murder and other offenses against humanity. Principles of Human-centered Action The UN propounds rules towards which human-centered establishments can endeavor. These rules serve to excite and orient treatments to accomplish coherency, coherence, and mutualness among diverse bureaus to better operational effectivity. Differences of reading of these rules exist and will go on to exist6. The eight key rules are as under: – ( a ) Relieve life endangering agony. ( B ) Proportionality to necessitate of human-centered response. ( degree Celsius ) Human-centered action must be non-partisan. ( vitamin D ) Human-centered organisations must be independent. ( vitamin E ) Human-centered organisations must be to the full accountable for their actions. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Human-centered aid must be appropriate. ( g ) Contextualization of the human-centered action. ( H ) Sovereignty must be subordinate to alleviation of dangerous agony. Analyzing Conflicts An analysis of a struggle is indispensable to be after and implement human-centered enterprises. The inquiries of who, why, when, and what are considered to analyse the struggle and take determinations about the nature and extent of engagement for an organisation. The analysis is based on under-mentioned four key categories7. Organizations may use the same classs but come up with different solutions. Who are involved The first class of analysis involves finding, as to which organisations are involved. A reappraisal of struggles indicates that eight establishments contribute to the international system of aid and protection. External respondents Bilateral bureaus: CIDA and USAID Intergovernmental organisations: UN Organizations Internet Explorer ; UNICEF, UNHCR, UNDP or regional organisations ie ; OAS, OAU, ECHO. International non-governmental organisations: eg, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and Oxfam. International Committee of the Red Cross: It has a separate position by virtuousness of its standing and tutelary duty for IHL. Foreign military forces: They play a function in protecting human-centered operations and besides in presenting human-centered aid. Internal respondents Host authoritiess: Put the model for behavior of human-centered activities. Insurgent political and military forces: Establish footings under which human-centered activities are carried out in non-government controlled countries. National and local Nongovernmental organization: They vary in their Numberss, verve, grade of independency from political constructions, relation to the struggle, and their capacity. Nature of the struggle The 2nd class of analysis is to set up the nature of struggle, and why human-centered response is needed. International, Regional, Internal or sub-national: Some establishments work in international struggles, others in internal struggles. Scope: Some are localized in one portion of a province while others are country-wide. Still others are regional in their engagement. Duration: Some struggles sputter on and off ; others burn at a steady province for decennaries. Some erupt overnight ; others fester. Authority: Civil wars no longer acquire â€Å" internationalized † , local factors remain prevailing. ‘Failed provinces ‘ may be wholly disconnected with no one exerting any authorization. Response: In politicized scenes, there may be fluctuations in how a struggle is perceived. What international perceivers may see as a multi-decade war by the governments against the autochthonal minority may be described by the authorities as a jurisprudence and order job. Conflict phases The 3rd class for analysis identifies phases in a struggle. Analyzing the current province of a struggle assists organisations in phasing in / out their ain engagement. Temporal factors: Insurgencies include jumping periods of intense combat and letups, pitched conflicts, tip-and-run onslaughts, strafing, and excavation. Geographic factors: In add-on to temporal factors, struggles are frequently linked to geographicss and may non hold distinct foreparts. Human-centered engagement: In a state at war there will be zones where rehabilitation and development is possible. Spectrum of response The 4th class, based on the nature of a struggle and its peculiar stage is the spectrum of human-centered aid and protection activities. Assistance side activities range from short-run exigency alleviation through Reconstruction of indispensable substructure to medium and longer term development. Protection activities range from attempts on behalf of a threatened individual/family or to protect an full population. Protection from famishment as a political arm and military utilizing disproportional force. Minimal Standards for Human-centered Response Non governmental bureaus engaged in supplying human-centered support in a struggle environment may be from different states, multinational in their presence and carry oning a broad range of work. Due to their international standing, attack, influence and committedness they deliver different criterions of response to a struggle state of affairs. There is a demand to standardise the response of bureaus. It is with this purpose that ‘The Sphere Project ‘ was initiated in 1997 by a group of NGOs and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement8. The Sphere Project guidelines purpose to better the quality of actions by the bureaus during catastrophe /conflict response and be held accountable for them. It identifies cardinal sectors for supplying human-centered alleviation as under- Water supply, sanitation and hygiene publicity. Food security and nutrition. Shelter, colony and non-food points, Health action. A set of six qualitative, procedure criterions have been developed. They are recommended for bureaus involved in planning, managing or implementing a human-centered response. These criterions are as under: – ( a ) People-centered response which recognizes the engagement of affected people and their capacity and schemes to last with self-respect. ( B ) Coordination and coaction. It addresses the demand for an effectual response to be coordinated and implemented with other bureaus. ( degree Celsius ) Appraisal It describes the demand for systematic appraisal to understand the nature of the catastrophe, identify who has been affected and how, and assess people ‘s exposure and capacities. It besides assesses the capacity of the affected people and governments to react. ( vitamin D ) Design and response This Standard demands that bureaus design their response based on an impartial appraisal of demands, turn toing unmet demands in relation to the context and capacity of affected people and provinces to run into their ain demands. Performance and transparence This Standard requires bureaus to continually analyze the effectivity, quality and rightness of their response. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Aid worker public presentation It recognizes that bureaus have an duty to the affected people and to use assistance workers with appropriate cognition, accomplishments, behaviour and attitudes. Health Care in a Conflict Environment Everyone has the right to wellness. The right to wellness can be assured merely if the population is protected, if the professionals responsible for the wellness system are good trained and committed to universal ethical rules and professional criterions, if the system in which they work is designed to run into minimal criterions of demand, and if the province is willing and able to set up and procure the conditions of safety and stability9. A wellness systems approach to the design, execution, monitoring and rating of wellness services is the recommended attack and model for forming wellness services in conflict state of affairss and catastrophe response. This attack ensures that precedence wellness demands are identified and met in an efficient and effectual mode. Health systems are organized into six operational ‘building blocks’- service bringing, wellness work force, information, medical merchandises and engineerings, funding, and leading A ; governance10. Essential wellness services in a Conflict Environment Essential wellness services are preventative and healing wellness services that are appropriate to turn to the wellness demands of population. In a struggle zone and mass casualty state of affairss these include intercessions that are most effectual in forestalling and cut downing extra morbidity and mortality. The decease rates can be highly high and designation of the major causes of morbidity and mortality is of import to plan appropriate services. Progress made in reacting to the health-care demands of conflict-affected populations in recent decennaries, has been compromised by shrinking of the human-centered infinite – the countries in which civilians can seek shelter and assistance workers provide aid in safety. During the 1970s and 1980s, when direct armed clangs between rival provinces was the common face of an armed struggle the same was ‘aˆÂ ¦usually synonymous with overcrowded refugee cantonments sheltering immature populations from developing states. † These cantonments held ‘aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.refugee populations with infective diseases and malnutrition. ‘ This theoretical account does non turn to the complexness of present and future struggles. Intrastate struggles have increased the figure of internally displaced people, as refugee populations have bit by bit decreased. More than half of the refugees of concern to UNHCR live in urban countries, where supplying wellness attention is frequently complex11. The indispensable wellness services has criterions developed under ‘The Sphere Project ‘ for Prioritizing wellness services and Implementing Essential services. Prioritizing wellness services. Peoples must hold entree to wellness services that are prioritized to turn to the chief causes of extra mortality and morbidity. Supplying indispensable wellness services Control of catching diseases Detection and control of emerging infective diseases in struggle state of affairss are major challenges due to multiple hazard factors known to heighten outgrowth and transmittal of infective diseases. Child wellness Children acquire immunisation for rubeolas and everyday Immunization services. They must hold entree to precedence wellness services that are designed to turn to the major causes of newborn and childhood morbidity and mortality. Sexual and Generative wellness Peoples have entree to the precedence reproductive wellness services at the oncoming and comprehensive RH as the state of affairs stabilizes. Injury Peoples have entree to effectual hurt attention to minimise morbidity, mortality and disablement. Mental wellness Peoples have entree to wellness services that prevent or cut down mental wellness jobs and associated impaired operation. Non-communicable diseases. Increase in Non-communicable diseases is outstanding in struggle scenes and this form will likely go on as populations, age and incomes addition. Much extra morbidity and mortality consequences from the aggravation of diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes and malignant neoplastic disease therefore ‘profoundly altering the demographics and disease load of conflict-affected populations ‘ Health Programming in Post-Conflict Fragile States Health attention scheduling is non wholly context particular, and there are a figure of commonalities12. The chief causes of morbidity and mortality in post-conflict provinces may non be specific diseases but struggle, political instability, hapless administration, low poorness, and so on. If this is so, so the of import issue is non what wellness plans should be implemented and how, but how wellness sector plans should be designed and implemented to lend to placing and deciding the political, societal, and economic drivers of breakability. The mortality study conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo13 stated â€Å" decreases in petroleum mortality are closely associated with decreases in force and, by extension, betterments in security. . . † The survey concludes â€Å" these tendencies. . .provide obliging grounds that betterments in security represent possibly the most effectual agencies to cut down extra mortality. † Table1. Democratic Republic of Congo-Deaths per 10,000 per day13 Crude mortality rate ( 95 % CI ) Under-5 mortality rate ( 95 % CI ) Health zones describing force 3.0 ( 2.6-3.4 ) 6.4 ( 5.7-7.2 ) Health zones non describing force 1.7 ( 1.5-1.9 ) 3.1 ( 2.7-3.5 ) Health plans may be of import in the post-conflict scene non because they lower the load of disease, but because they lower the degree of tenseness within a society and cut down the bad struggle recidivism14. USAID ‘s Fragile States Strategy15 has four precedences: enhance stableness ; better security ; promote reform throughout countries of administration ; and develop institutional capacity. Health plans are planned in all countries of precedence. Enhance stableness Health plans can heighten stableness by concentrating on beginnings of breakability eg ; where breakability is a due to marginalisation of certain cultural groups, increasing societal services to these groups tends to do contribute to peace. Peace Dividend Specific wellness sector intercessions that provide first-class support of the alleged peace dividend ( short-run, high-impact activities, linked to long-run structural reform ) are childhood inoculation plan. Such actions may non be the most effectual manner for presenting wellness services, but establishes legitimacy foremost to cover with effectivity subsequently. The Equity Issue Racial, socio-economic, and cultural wellness disparities due to unjust distribution of wellness services are seen in many states. In a geographic zone of a state that benefited, before and during the struggle, from wellness service bringing to a greater extent than other, the â€Å" new † authorities might make up one’s mind to give the â€Å" rich persons † more, to be able to supply services more equitably in the hereafter. Measurement and Monitoring Donors, authorities, and civil society must make up one’s mind together on clear and actionable monitoring. Challenges for Donors There is an addition in the rift between the alleviation and the development sides of giver bureaus, with relief-funding being higher than development-funding. A bead in post-conflict wellness sector support must be addressed for a smooth fiscal passage. Structuring Health Servicess Due to inadequate human resources in most post-conflict states, and it is hard to present wellness services. The current tendency in giver scheduling in post-conflict scenes seems to be to go forth wellness sector direction to the populace sector, but to let for private sector bringing of wellness services. Contracting is one manner of making this and is being tried in a figure of states. Decision Conflicts cause non merely deceases and hurts, but effects such as displaced populations, the dislocation of wellness and societal services, and disease transmittal besides take a toll on public health16. â€Å" aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Armed conflicts history for more decease and disablement than many major diseases combined. It destroys households, communities, and sometimes whole civilizations. It directs scarce resources off from wellness and other human services, and frequently destroys the substructure for these services†¦ . Yet, despite all of these effects on human wellness and well-beingaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . ( these facets ) have non been adequately covered in their professional instruction. â€Å" 17Public wellness professionals must develop the grounds base for public wellness and human-centered intercessions during and after struggles. Those responsible for supplying exigency alleviation demand to increase their cognition, preparation and expertness ; more informati ons must be made available to increase the answerability of alleviation attempts to the affected populations and to givers ; and research on the impact of assistance on the continuance, magnitude or result of struggles is needed.18 How to cite Principles Of Humanitarian Action Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Nature in Jane Eyre C Essay Example For Students

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Nature in Jane Eyre C Essay Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Nature in Jane EyreCharlotte Bronte makes use of nature imagery throughout Jane Eyre, and comments on both the human relationship with the outdoors and human nature. The Oxford Reference Dictionary defines nature as 1. the phenomena of the physical world as a whole . . . 2. a things essential qualities; a persons or animals innate character . . . 4. vital force, functions, or needs. We will see how Jane Eyre comments on all of these.Several natural themes run through the novel, one of which is the image of a stormy sea. After Jane saves Rochesters life, she gives us the following metaphor of their relationship: Till morning dawned I was tossed on a buoyant but unquiet sea . . . I thought sometimes I saw beyond its wild waters a shore . . . now and then a freshening gale, wakened by hope, bore my spirit triumphantly towards the bourne: but . . . a counteracting breeze blew off land, and continually drove me back. The gale is all the forces that prevent Janes union with Rochester. Later, Bront, whether it be intentional or not, conjures up the image of a buoyant sea when Rochester says of Jane: Your habitual expression in those days, Jane, was . . . not buoyant. In fact, it is this buoyancy of Janes relationship with Rochester that keeps Jane afloat at her time of crisis in the heath: Why do I struggle to retain a valueless life? Because I know, or believe, Mr. Rochester is living. Another recurrent image is Bronts treatment of Birds. We first witness Janes fascination when she reads Bewicks History of British Birds as a child. She reads of death-white realms and the solitary rocks and promontories' of sea-fowl. We quickly see how Jane identifies with the bird. For her it is a form of escape, the idea of flying above the toils of every day life. Several times the narrator talks of feeding birds crumbs. Perhaps Bront is telling us that this idea of escape is no more than a fantasy one cannot escape when one must return for basic sustenance. The link between Jane and birds is strengthened by the way Bront adumbrates poor nutrition at Lowood through a bird who is described as a little hungry robin. Bront brings the buoyant sea theme and the bird theme together in the passage describing the first painting of Janes that Rochester examines. This painting depicts a turbulent sea with a sunken ship, and on the mast perches a cormorant with a gold bracelet in its mouth, apparently taken from a drowning body. While the imagery is perhaps too imprecise to afford an exact interpretation, a possible explanation can be derived from the context of previous treatments of these themes. The sea is surely a metaphor for Rochester and Janes relationship, as we have already seen. Rochester is often described as a dark and dangerous man, which fits the likeness of a cormorant; it is therefore likely that Bront sees him as the sea bird. As we shall see later, Jane goes through a sort of symbolic death, so it makes sense for her to represent the drowned corpse. The gold bracelet can be the purity and innocence of the old Jane that Rochester managed to capture before she left him.Having established some of the nature themes in Jane Eyre, we can now look at the natural cornerstone of the novel: the passage between her flight from Thornfield and her acceptance into Morton. In leaving Thornfield, Jane has severed all her connections; she has cut through any umbilical cord. She narrates: Not a tie holds me to human society at this moment. After only taking a small parcel with her from Thornfield, she leaves even that in the coach she rents. Gone are all references to Rochester, or even her past life. Standardized Testing Essay John and his sisters that finally provide the charity Jane so desperately needs. They have bent what is established as human nature to help her.Making this claim raises the issue of the nature of St. John has he a human nature, or is he so close to God that his nature is God-like? The answer is a bit of both. St. John is filled with the same dispassionate caring that Gods nature provided Jane in the heath: he will provide, a little, but he doesnt really care for her. We get the feeling on the heath, as Jane stares into the vastness of space, that she is just one small part of nature, and that God will not pay attention to that level of detail. Similarly, she says of St. John: he forgets, pitilessly, the feelings and claims of little people, in pursuing his own large views. On the other hand, St. John exhibits definitely human characteristics, most obvious being the way he treats Jane after she refuses to marry him. He claims not to be treating her badly, but hes lying to himself: That night, after he had kissed his sisters, he thought proper to forget even to shake hands with me, but left the room in silence. What is important here is that St. John is more human than God, and thus he and his sisters are able to help Jane.From the womb, Jane is reborn. She sees the future as an awful blank: something like the world when the deluge was gone by. She takes a new name, Jane Elliott. With a new family, new friends, and a new job, she is a new person. And the changes go deeper than that. The time she spent in the heath and the moors purged her, both physically and mentally. Jane needed to purge, to destroy the old foundations before she could build anew.It is necessary to examine these scenes of nature in the context of the early to mid nineteenth-century. This was of course the time of the Industrial Revolution, when as Robert Ferneaux Jordan put it, there was a shift from the oolite, the lias and the sand to the coal measures. What had been the wooded hills of Yorkshire or Wales became, almost overnight, a land of squalid villages and black, roaring, crowded cities. Villages and small country markets became the Birminghams and Glasgows that we know. They were draining the fens and the flats. For Bront, this posits the heath in Jane Eyre as something dated, the past more than the future. Jane therefore must leave it in order to remake herself. Another aspect of nineteenth-century England relevant to nature in Jane Eyre was the debate over evolution versus Creationism. Though Darwin didnt release On the Origin of Species until 1859, the seeds were already being sown; indeed, theres speculation that Charles Darwins grandfather adumbrated some of Charles theories. Lamark was the principle predecessor of Darwin in terms of evolutionary theory. Though he turned out to be completely wrong, he and others provided opposition for the Creationists of the first half of the nineteenth century. One of evolutions principles is survival of the fittest, and this is exactly what happens to Jane in the heath. Her old self is not strong enough, and must die. The new Jane she is forging is a product of natural selection. In fact, Jane is echoing the victory of evolution over Creation by the fact that it is humans who save her, and not God.

The World of Culinary Arts Essay Example For Students

The World of Culinary Arts Essay Cooking food is commonly known as culinary art. The word culinary is related to the art of making various kinds of food. A culinary working in restaurants is commonly known as a cook or a chef. The chef skillfully prepares food that is pleasing to the eye and the palate of the guests. They are required to hue knowledge of the science of food and the understanding of diet and nutrition. They work primarily in restaurants, hotels, airlines, cruise liners, hospitals and other institutions. Kitchen conditions depend upon the demand and type of cuisines. The art Of making various cuisines can be termed as Culinary Arts. The history of culinary arts goes back to asses when the very first cooking school was started in Boston, America. Where teaching the art of cooking preparing the food were given to students, inurn they passed on their knowledge to others. The actual revolution started later in Culinary Arts through the television where in 1946, James Beard started regular cooking classes in the art of American Cooking. The French cooking was introduced in American homes by Julia Child, in asss hen through the power of the radio she entered all the kitchens nationwide. We will write a custom essay on The World of Culinary Arts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The culinary institute of America or CIA was founded and was the first of its kind in the country to hold career based cooking courses on the art of cooking, The cuisine and latest innovations worldwide are based on the ingredients available around the region, The dishes also depend upon the cultural and the socio- economic conditions of the city, region and country. Food is one thing that has always been and will continue to be a big part of our daily lives as a result of Emily recipes that are inherited from the ancestors. Those who are interested in cooking. Go to culinary schools to learn the art and obtain their professional degree in the field of culinary arts. The beauty of this art lies in the skill of understanding various types of tastes, presentations and foods main features. The restaurant industry is fast moving with the trend of initiating better- flavored food from local sources. Industry pioneers are progressing towards new initiatives including the composting of food waste and recycling of cooking in lieu for serving economic and innovative dishes.

When it’s okay to say no to a promotion

When it’s okay to say no to a promotion We all know that promotions are wonderful and momentous occasions on our individual career journeys- but are they always the right move for us? The answer might not be as clear cut as you think. Sure, promotions typically come with new challenges and opportunities (and usually more prestige and a bigger paycheck), and bring you one step further up the ladder to professional success, but the truth is, there’s a time and place for everything- including promotions. Depending on the situation, an opportunity for a promotion may arise at an inopportune time or under less-than-perfect circumstances, and it’s okay if you’re not sure if it’s the right move for you or if you’d like to turn it down.Yes, this may sound counterintuitive to everything you’ve been taught about getting ahead and moving forward, but the wrong move can actually have the reverse effect- and lead you in the wrong direction career-wise or make you feel less professionally satisf ied and fulfilled than you were before you accepted the offer.Still skeptical? Consider the following scenarios, which for many may reflect situations in which it might be wise to say no to a promotion.The â€Å"Second Job† PromotionSometimes, getting a promotion isn’t as much about shifting to a new job as it is about piling a bunch of new responsibilities on top of your current job- and chances are you aren’t going to earn two full salaries to reflect the fact that you’re about to be doing two jobs. This scenario is likely more of a â€Å"road to burnout† than a recipe for happiness, and you may be setting yourself up for failure if you can’t shoulder the weight of all your newfound job tasks in addition to the ones you presently handle. If you’ve been offered a promotion and have the sneaking suspicion that it may fall into this category, you may want to think twice before quickly accepting- the truth is, many folks who do just thi s find themselves in a much less enjoyable position than they were in before, so consider yourself warned.The â€Å"Off Track† PromotionAfter being in the job market for a while and getting to know the ins and outs of the industry we’ve chosen to work in, most of us have a pretty good idea of how we’d like our career paths to unfold- including the steps up the career ladder that promotions provide us. But what should you do if you’re offered a promotion that could take you off-track? This type of promotion happens more often than you think, and it typically means weighing a set of pros and cons as you work towards making a decision.A step up the career ladder might mean more prestige, responsibility, and pay, but it also might set you on a different professional trajectory. Are you okay with that? Some folks who accept such a promotion unfortunately find out that their new gains come attached with losses in job satisfaction and struggles to get back onto their original career paths. When deciding whether or not to accept an â€Å"off track† promotion, be careful of blindly chasing short-term gains at the expense of long-term setbacks. If a step up isn’t right for you in the long run, then turning down a promotion may be a wise move.The Unbalanced PromotionWhen we dream about our next promotions, we tend to automatically assume that the great new benefits it will bring will clearly outweigh any potential negatives. But what if this isn’t true? If the offer being made comes with a price tag that’s steeper than the rewards being offered (perhaps it requires a relocation or responsibilities that you’re not eager or ready to take on, or maybe the new salary and benefits aren’t quite what you were expecting), it may make sense to pause and think carefully before accepting. Remember, when most employers make an offer they are not averse to negotiating the terms in an effort to make both sides happy . If handled carefully and professionally you might just get what you’re hoping for- and if you don’t, it might make sense to say no.In many instances, an offer of a promotion is a real reason to celebrate- but sometimes it may not be. If you’ve been presented with an offer, resist the urge to quickly- and blindly- accept the offer and instead take some time to take a step back and fully weigh the pros and cons. If the deal isn’t in your best interests, then be bold and negotiate in your best interest. In the end, if the offer just isn’t right for you, it may be the wise thing to say no to a promotion and continue to do your current job to the best of your abilities until a better offer comes along.

Index to French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary

Index to French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary This index to the glossary of French grammar and pronunciation terms treated in our lessons provides definitions and links to further information about each of the French verb tenses, pronouns, and other grammatical structures weve discussed. It also includes information about various pronunciation issues. You can search for definitions by topic or by using the full alphabetical list in either  English  or  French; all definitions are in English. Or you can get just the highlights:  top grammar terms. English Index Aactive voiceadjectiveadverbadverbial pronounadverb of frequencyadverb of manneradverb of placeadverb of quantityadverb of timeagentagreementantecedentarticleauxiliary verbCclausecomparative adverbcognatecompound pastcompound tenseconditionalconditional perfectconditionalsconditional sentenceconjunctionconjugateconjugationcoordinating conjunctioncopular verbDdefinite articledemonstrative adjectivedemonstrative pronoundependent clausedescriptive adjectivedirect objectdirect object complementdirect object pronoundisjunctive pronoundummy subjectEeuphonyFfalse cognatefamiliarfeminineformalfuturefuture anteriorfuture perfectfuture subjunctiveGgenderHhelping verbhiatushistoric pasthistorical tenseIif-then clauseimperativeimperfectimperfect subjunctiveimpersonal pronounimpersonal verbindefinite articleindefinite adjectiveindefinite pronounindefinite relative pronounindependent clauseindicativeindirect objectindirect object complementindirect object pronouninfinitiveinflectioninformalinterro gative adjectiveinterrogative adverbinterrogative pronounintransitive verbinversionLliaisonlinkinglinking verbliterary registerliterary tenseMmain clausemasculinemoodNnarrative tensenear futurenegative adjectivenegative adverbnegative pronounnormal registernounnumberOobjectPparticiplepartitive articlepassive voicepast anteriorpast conditionalpast infinitivepast participlepast perfectpast perfect subjunctivepast subjunctiveperfect participlepersonpersonal pronounpersonal verbpluperfectpluperfect subjunctivepluralpossessive adjectivepossessive pronounprepositionpresentpresent participlepresent perfectpreteritepronominal verbpronominal voicepronounproper nounRreal subjectrecent pastregisterreflexive pronounreflexive verbrelative clauserelative pronounSsimple pastsimple tensesingularstate-of-being verbstressed pronounsubjectsubject pronounsubjunctivesubordinate clausesubordinating conjunctionsuperlative adverbTtensetransitive verbtrue cognateVverbverb conjugationvoicevulgar (register) French Index Aaccordadjectifadjectif dà ©monstratifadjectif descriptifadjectif indà ©finiadjectif interrogatifadjectif nà ©gatifadjectif possessifadverbeadverbe comparatifadverbe de frà ©quenceadverbe de lieuadverbe de manià ¨readverbe de quantità ©adverbe de tempsadverbe interrogatifadverbe nà ©gatifadverbe superlatifagentantà ©cà ©dentapparentà ©argotiquearticlearticle dà ©finiarticle indà ©finiarticle partitifauxiliaireCCODCOIcomplà ©ment dobjet directcomplà ©ment dobjet indirectconditionnelconditionnel passà ©conjonctionconjonction de coordinationconjonction de subordinationconjugaisonconjuguercopuleDdà ©sinenceEenchaà ®nementeuphonieFfamilierfaux amifà ©mininformelfuturfutur antà ©rieurfutur passà ©futur procheGgenreHhiatusIimparfaitimparfait du subjonctifimpà ©ratifindicatifinfinitifinfinitif passà ©inversionLliaisonlittà ©raireMmasculinmodemot apparentà ©Nnomnom proprenombrenormalOobjetobjet directobjet indirectPparticipeparticipe passà ©participe prà ©sentpassà © antà ©rieurpassà © composà ©passà © composà © du participe prà ©sentpassà © rà ©centpassà © simplepersonnephrase de conditionplurielplus-que-parfaitplus-que-parfait du subjonctifpopulaireprà ©positionprà ©sentprà ©tà ©ritpronompronom adverbialpronom dà ©monstratifpronom disjointpronom impersonnelpronom indà ©finipronom indà ©fini relatifpronom interrogatifpronom nà ©gatifpronom objet directpronom objet indirectpronom personnelpronom possessifpronom rà ©flà ©chipronom relatifpronom sujetpropositionproposition conditionnelleproposition dà ©pendanteproposition indà ©pendanteproposition principaleproposition relativeproposition subordonnà ©eproposition subordonnà ©e relativeRregistreSsi clausesinguliersubjonctifsubjonctif futursubjonctif passà ©sujetsujet apparentsujet rà ©elTtempstemps composà ©temps de la narrationtemps historiquetemps littà ©rairetemps simpleVverbeverbe auxiliaireverbe copulatifverbe impersonnelverbe intransitifverbe pronominalverbe rà © flà ©chiverbe transitifvoixvrai amivulgaire Topic Index Adjectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  demonstrative adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  descriptive adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  indefinite adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  interrogative adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  negative adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  possessive adjectiveAdverbs  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverbial pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of manner  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of place  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of quantity  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of time  Ã‚  Ã‚  comparative adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  interrogative adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  negative adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  superlative adverbAgreement  Ã‚  Ã‚  gender  Ã‚  Ã‚  number  Ã‚  Ã‚  adjectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  articles  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronounsClauses  Ã‚  Ã‚  dependent clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  if-then clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  independent clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  main clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  relative clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  subordinate clauseConjunctions  Ã‚  Ã‚  coordinating conjunction  Ã‚  Ã‚  subordinating conjunctionObjects  Ã‚  Ã‚  object  Ã‚  Ã‚  direct object  Ã‚  Ã‚  direct object complement/pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  indirect object  Ã‚  Ã‚  indirect object complement/pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  intransitive verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  transitive verbParts of speech  Ã‚  Ã‚  adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  article  Ã‚  Ã‚  conjunction  Ã‚  Ã‚  noun  Ã‚  Ã‚  preposition  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  verbPronouns  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverbial pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  demonstrative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  direct object pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  disjunctive pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  impersonal pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  indefinite pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  indefinite relative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  interrogative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  negative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  personal pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  possessive pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronominal verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  reflexive pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  relative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  stressed pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  subject pronounPronunciation  Ã‚  Ã‚  cognate  Ã‚  Ã‚  euphony  Ã‚  Ã‚  hiatus  Ã‚  Ã‚  liaison  Ã‚  Ã‚  linkingVerbs* conjugate/conjugation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  inflection  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mood  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  number  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  person  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  voice* compound tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  auxiliary/helping verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  compound past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional perfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  future anterior/perfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past conditional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past perfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past anterior  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past infinitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past perfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pluperfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pluperfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  present perfect* historical/literary/narrative tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  historic past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past anterior  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pluperfect subjunctive* inversion* mood  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   imperative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  indicative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  infinitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  subjunctive* participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  perfect participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  present participle* simple tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  future  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  future subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  historic past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  present  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  preterite  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  simple past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  subjunctive* types of verbs  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  copular verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  impersonal verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  intransitive verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronominal/reflexive verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  transitive ver bMiscellaneous  Ã‚  Ã‚  agent  Ã‚  Ã‚  antecedent  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional  / conditional sentence  Ã‚  Ã‚  proper noun  Ã‚  Ã‚  register  Ã‚  Ã‚  subject  Ã‚  Ã‚   - dummy subject  Ã‚  Ã‚   - real subject

Iranian Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Iranian Revolution - Essay Example It all started in 1974-75 when the Shah of Iran was informed of the Bathist regime in Baghdad. They were known to be supplied by weapons from the Soviet Union for controlling the northern Gulf their own way. Iran supported and funded the Kurds to rebel against Iraq to weaken them. He also provided sanctuary to Iraqi Kurds in Iran. Algiers agreement was signed in 1975, in order to redefine the boundary of Shatt al Arab. Shatt al Arab is found in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. The river also forms a border between Iran and Iraq just when the river discharges into the Persian Gulf. Two Iranian cities, Abadan and Khorramshahr, and the Iraqi city of Basra are located on the coastline of this river. One of the factors for the Iran-Iraq war was disputes on territorial claims. This waterway served as source of peace agreement between ancestors of Iran and Iraq. But Saddam Hussein violated the rules in 1980 and tried to invade the waterway and bring in into the Iranian territory. It also dislocated as many as 250,000 Kurds from their homeland. It can be related to the Israeli policies against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip for over forty years now (Abrahamian, 2008). The outrage was set ablaze once again between Iran and Iraq with the onset of Iran Iraq War in 1991. ... The issue was propagated as Iraq being the Shia side of Islam and Iraq legalized as the Islamic republic of Iran. Ayatollah Khomeini made a direct appeal for the Iraqi Shia community to put an end to the rule of Saddam Hussein and bring forth an Islamic Republic. Saddam Hussein decided to bring a downfall to his government before he could get his power back. His decision had the support of US, oil-rich producers if Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and some Gulf states who did not like Khomeini’s revolutionary Islam. The invasion of Iran by Saddam Hussein continued to be a horrible long war costing many thousands of billions of dollars and much causality. Iran fought fearlessly for their rights. The war had crippled the Iraqi oil industry and reduced income levels. All in all, the conflict was a horrible one with thousands of lives lost during the years 1982-1988. Iranian war dead estimates were about 262,000 and those of Iraq were 105,000 (Wright, 2005). There were certain goals that the United States had for the Iraq war in 2003. They wanted to demolish a regime from Iraq that they believed was to develop and utilize weapons of mass destruction which further gave shelter and protection to terrorists who tend to give way to human right abuses. The US was of the opinion that all this did injustice to the United Nation’s demands and that Iraq must compel to the international regulations and obligations. This invasion was further backed up with the view that the present ruler of Iraq, Saddam Hussein was giving initiative to those weapons of mass destruction which was a big threat to the security of the neighboring countries and to the world as a whole. There were

The United Nations And the European Union Essay

The United Nations And the European Union - Essay Example This essay declares that the efficiency of EU’s counter-terrorism operations is also highly questionable. Generally, the EU doesn’t support the US concept of a ‘war on terror’ and tends to criticize the US approach as highly military driven and overactive. The EU has adopted soft approach of sanctions and political pressure. The European governments are highly worried about the consequence of their anti-terrorism policies on their Muslim population which constitutes around 16 to 21 million of overall EU’s population. This paper makes a conclusion that both the UN and EU have played a crucial role in peacekeeping operations on a global and regional level. The end of cold war is marked as the transformation period for both the organizations in terms of their peacekeeping operations and foreign policies. The emergence of global terrorism, growing intrastate conflicts, rising nuclear proliferation, transformation of global political system from unipolarity to multipolarity in recent years, globalization, and growing economic inequality are some of the major common pressures which triggered developments in both the institutions. Despite radical reformation, the UN and EU possess significant deficiencies in their structure and flaws in their policies. The effectiveness of their peacekeeping operations is rather limited. In order to preserve collective security and global peace, it is necessary for both these crucial organizations to reform their policies and adopt effective measures to conquer present flaws in their functional framework.

Best and Brightest Essay Example for Free

Best and Brightest Essay Being at a pivotal point in our lives, middle schoolers especially, are easily influenced. Whether it’s a new fashion trend in your favorite magazine, the album of the latest â€Å"artist to watch†, or your friend’s opinion on how to answer number seven on your math homework, we are always being influenced or influencing someone or something ourselves. Citizen involvement and volunteerism not can only influence you, but also those around you, because I believe it is our civic duty. It is our responsibility to give back to our community, whether you’re leading or following, because as Edith Wharton once said, â€Å"There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it.† Volunteering starts with one person, a candle in the darkness, and eventually that light spreads until that once very small light, is being reflected in a hundred different ways. I have always been inspired to give back to my community, because my mom taught me volunteering was important at an early age and inspired me to complete community service on my own time. However, some kids don’t have it as easy as I do when it comes to inspiration and willpower to volunteer, so I try my best to preach the importance of volunteerism to my friends and family. Especially to my friends, because I believe most voluntary community service done by students comes from the influence and inspiration of their friends. It is my personal belief that students are more obligated to give back through the â€Å"buddy system†, because lots of students, including me, like to have friend there with them, through the process when trying something new. In order to spread light, there has to be flames, which in lots of cases are friends who volunteer. You can’t light a candle without a match, so you obviously can’t get into volunteerism without a cause or reason for doing so; much less influence someone else to start volunteering. However, when we do find a cause we care about and connect with, we are able to dedicate time from our lives to give back to it. For me it was helping troubled kids in my community. It all started when I was volunteering for KLES EDEP in seventh grade for my student service learning project. Though I enjoyed every second of it and I loved the kids I worked with, I wanted to make a bigger impact by helping troubled kids, who weren’t as lucky to be blessed with an upbringing like mine by becoming a juror for Teen Court. I’ve dedicated many, many Tuesday nights to the Leon County Court House Annex and I have no intention of stopping, as I have aspirations of becoming a Teen Court lawyer sometime next year. I’ve even convinced a couple of my friends to start attending with me. I also tutor elementary school students on weekends and after school, but I soon hope to start tutoring Godby High School students with my church next year. It’s really a wonder that few events here and there could blossom into a great habit that hopefully will become lifelong for me and those who I inspire. It’s amazing that something as small as caring about a cause can influence you to volunteer in your community, which can in turn influence your friends and classmates to make a difference, too. Even if it’s half-jokingly proposing to start volunteering at least once a month! You just have to believe you YOURSELF can, because that is being â€Å"the candle†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and that is what causes â€Å"the reflection†.

Detecting the Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder based on Wavelet Tra

In recent years, researchers have developed powerful wavelet techniques for the multi-scale representation and analysis of signals [1][2][3][4][5]. Wavelets localize the information in the time-frequency plane[6]. One of the areas where these properties have been applied is diagnosis. Due to the wide variety of signals and problems encountered in biomedical engineering, there are various applications of wavelet transform [7][8][9][10]. Like in the heart, there exists a rhythmic electrical oscillation in the stomach. With the accomplishment of the whole digestive process of the stomach, from mixing, stirring, and agitating, to propelling and emptying, a spatiotemporal pattern is formed [11]. The stomach has a complex physiology, where physical, biological and psychological parameters take part in, becoming difficult to understand its behavior and function. It is presented the initial concepts of a mechanical prototype of the stomach, it uses to describe mechanical functions of storing, mixing and food emptying [12][13]. The nature of gastric electrical activity in health and disease is fairly well understood. In man, it consists of recurrent regular depolarization (slow waves or electrical control activity-ECA) at 2.5 to 4 cycles per minute, and intermittent high-frequency oscillations (spikes or electrical response activity-ERA) that appear only in association with contractions. The oscillations commence at a pacemaker site high up in the corpus and propagate to terminate at the distal antrum. The velocity of propagation and the signal amplitude increase as the pylorus is approached. ECA are the ultimate determinant of the frequency and direction of propagation of phasic contractions, which are responsible for mixing and transp... ...ls from their wavelet coefficients, before they are applied to a static neural network for further classification. The design of neural network is simple because only interesting features of GEA types are presented. The experimental results show that it’s possible to classify GEA types by using this simple neural network architecture. We present the results from a network which is trained on sample types. The approach of classifying the output of a feature detector offers greater computational efficiency and accuracy than that of attempting to use a neural network directly upon a GEA signal, and yet preserves the ability to train and flexibility of a neural network. Section 3 of this paper describes the architecture of a network to classify the GEA types for detecting abnormalities. Experimental results of training and testing a network are presented in section 6.

The perks of living in the 21st century

Society’s deranged. There is no way to put it lightly, because it is. Between the mind numbing reality shows about partying, to the 80-pound model on every magazine we pick up. These crazy things have distorted our minds and have become our society’s norm. 90% of women are unhappy with their bodies, and 95% of teen girls think they’re fat. Is there not something wrong with that? For years and years our lives have been run by unrealistic role models and distorted images of beauty, all resulting in mental health issues. When did thin become so in?And why is â€Å"perfect† the only beauty we see now? Musicians, Actors, Models, the celebrities, the people that us as individuals see everywhere, the people that are idolized similar to the way Christians worship God and Jesus Christ. We hail them, we praise them, and we envy them. Now what do most of them all have in common? Drop dead, gorgeous looks. They have it all, the money, fame, looks, love; the list is en dless. What do we have? Hope. The hopes of one day becoming just like them. Have you ever seen an ugly singer or actor? No. There isn’t any.Think of all the talented people out there that couldn’t make it big just because of one superficial fragment. â€Å"In Hollywood I’m obese. I’m considered a fat actress. †(-Jennifer Lawrence) This quote displays how Hollywood is at the core of this disturbing phenomenon. How having a curvy body results in being called obese. â€Å"Models should be thin, clothes just look better on people who are thin, certainly photograph better. † (-Calvin Klein) This quote is a representation of something that the fashion industry has harnessed for years, if you not thin, it’s simple; you’re not in.What is true beauty? Because growing up in my generation I only have one idea of it. The girls that are splashed across the magazines and the slender actresses in all the box office hits, growing up I was taug ht that that’s what you had to look like to be beautiful. Being skinny and having perfect face structure is all you need; it will bring you love, attention, and most of all, happiness. Growing up in a narcissistic generation has fueled minds to hurt and feel pain when they don’t meet the qualification and standards of today’s version of beauty.â€Å"Nothing tastes how skinny feels† (-Kate Moss) this quote is just overall sad, it represents how our society thinks, and overall how people today run their lives. Teen girls worship The Victoria Secret models; the exotic, tall, shockingly stunning women prance around in little to nothing every year for the annual Victoria Secret fashion show. Along with it comes the wave of Tweets of young girls pouring out there insecurities. â€Å"Why cant I look like the Victoria Secret models. † â€Å"This fashion show is literally making me want to kill myself.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Can’t look at myself in the mirror ever again. † (-Tweets) This forces girls to cave into the pressure that society hands out on a golden platter. â€Å"As every girl with weight issues knows, the foolproof method of self-protection is to beat the crap out of yourself before someone else has the chance. † –(Los Angeles Times) Millions of people out there have issues with their appearance, young girls, young boys, grown men, grown women, the whole lot. The standards of beauty in our society are just too high for the majority of the population to reach.In result we beat the shit of out our self in sheer anger and shame. Each year the number of mental health illnesses increase. From eating disorders, depression, anxiety, etc. Eating disorders have increased by 400% since 1970. â€Å"Women today feel much worse about their body images than women several decades ago. †(-Los Angeles times) This quote is proof that this is a generational issue. We have distorted the true image of beauty and shove d in an unrealistic standard that no one can live up too.This â€Å"image† that society has created is destroying us, bit by bit. People are dying everyday from illnesses that chemically irrupt in the brain, and the overwhelming and horrific pressure put on by the media and society causes it. 35,000 girls suffer from anorexia each day, 1 in 10 Americans are clinically depressed, and Teenagers are committing suicide almost on a daily basis. These numbers are shocking and continue to grow as the generation and world moves forward.Each week the average person watches 31 hours of television, spends 10 hours online, and 4 hours looking through a magazine. This is the place where the media hits us hard. Where we are bombarded by the never-ending pursuits of perfection. Where beauty is taken to a whole new level and standard. â€Å"That’s sad. How plastic and artificial life has become. It’s getting harder and harder to find something real. Real love, real friends, re al body parts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (-Jess C. Scott) We’re the narcissistic generation, the generation that paints on beauty instead of finding in within.

Mcb Internship Report

[pic] INTERNSHIP REPORT ON MUSLIM COMMERCIAL BANK Instructed by: Mr. Naveed Ahmed Lecturer Comsats Institute of Information Technology Presented by: Muhammad Hussain MBA-A Roll No. 65 Semester 3 DEDICATION I dedicate whole of my education along with my life to my beloved parents and respected teachers, who were always kind to me. May God Bless Them (Aamin). Muhammad Hussain TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Preface 2. Introduction Of Bank 3. Types of Bank 4. Executive Summary of MCB 5. History of MCB 6. Vision & Mission Statement of MCB 7. Commercial Bank 8. Branches & ATMs 19 9. Product & Services21 10. Department in MCB25 11. Management Hierarchy28 12. Investment Banking 13. Know Your Customer 14. Remittance Department 15. Financial Statements 16. SWOT analysis 17. Work Performed By Me 18. Findings 19. Recommandations PREFACE Banking sector owes a pivotal importance in the economy of any country through its variant functions. This basic motivator that stressed me to join any bank for Internship Training. Moreover, the experience and practice learned during this tenure also prove very helpful and facilitating in the forthcoming professional life. This report is the result of two months Internship will, Muslim Commercial bank, Kot Fareed, Sahiwal. The motive behind selecting this bank is that it is one of the Top 10 Asia, Bank‘s. The fact remains that Muslim Commercial bank, posses an excel/cut and historical importance being the most senior and leading in terms fluids and services to Pakistan at all ages of life. I had with the strong belief that this report will guide and facilitate the readers to understand the functioning of banking system and more importantly have good knowledge about Muslim Commercial bank. My utmost efforts to elaborate this report wit, material read, listened and observed. Yet, I feel that this period was not long enough to learn and understand the complex and widespread functioning of banking sector. I am really thankful to the entire staff members of the aforesaid branch for the friendly and cooperative behavior during my internship. Muhammad Hussain MBA-A Roll No. 65 w ell-developed banking setup plays very significant role in the economic development of a country. Banking sector is precondition for the development of any country. The banking sector helps in proper utilization of resources of the country by financing the less developed sector. It also helps to keep cumulative demand in proper balance with the supply of those resources, which are responsive to monetary demand. DEFINITION OF BANK. â€Å"A bank is an institution, which deals in money. † I BROADLY SPEAKING â€Å"Banks draw surplus money from the people who are not using it at that time, and lend to those who are in a position to use it for productive purposes. † 2 IN OTHER WORDS â€Å"Bank also accepts the deposits from public repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawal by cheques. Drafts order and include any post office saving bank. † BANK. The word bank is said to have been derived from the Italian words â€Å"Bancus† or â€Å"Banque†. The History of banking is transacted to be as early as 200 B. C. PEGETS DEFINITION: no one anybody. Corporate or otherwise can be a banker who does not: I Open current account 2 Pay cheques drawn on him 3 Collect cheques for his customers. HARTS DEFINITION. â€Å"A hanker is one who is in the ordinary course of his business, honors cheques drawn upon his by persons from and for whom he receives money on current account. † ACCORDING TO THE BANKING COMPANIES ORDINANC, 1962: SECTION 5(B): â€Å"Banker means a person transacting the business of accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits from the public, and withdrawal by cheques, drafts, order of otherwise, and inclined any post office saving banks. † IMPORTANCE OF BANKING. Banks play very important role in the economic life of a nation. The growth of the economy is dependent upon the soundness of its banking system. Although banks so not create new wealth but borrow, exchange and consume. These make generation of wealth. In this way. They become most effective partners in the development of that country. To encourage the habit of saving and to mobilize these savings is its basic purpose. Banks deposit surplus from the public and then advances the surpluses in the form of loans to the industrialists, agriculturists, businessmen and unemployed people under different schemes so that they setup their own business. Thus banks help in capital formation if there are no banks, and then there would be concentration of wealth in few hands great portion of wealth of a country would be idle. In the fewer developing countries rate of saving is very low and due to this rate of investment and rate of growth is very low. We can take hank just like a heart in the economic structure and capital provided by it is like blood in it. As long as the blood is in circulation, the organs will remain sound and healthy. If the blood is not provided to any organ then the organ would become useless. So if the finance is not provided to agriculture sector or to industrial sector, it wills he destroyed. Loan facility provided by bank works as an incentive to the producer to increase production. Banks provide transfer of payment facility, which is cheaper, quicker and safe. Many difficulties in the international payment have been overcome and volume of transactions has been increased. These facilities are very much helpful for the development of trade and commerce. EVOLUTION OF BANKING IN INDO PAK SUB-CONTINENT: The Indian society was quite familiar with the banking, right for the beginning. There is also sufficient evidence to show that during 51h century people were accustomed to use 1-lounds as a credit investment. Loans were given to the people against personal and other Securities such as ornaments, goods and other immovable properties. TYPES OF BANK: Following is the list of various types of banks: Central Bank Commercial Bank Exchange Bank Industrial Bank Agriculture Bank I. COMMERCIAL BANK: The banks in any country speeded over with an objective to get the excessive money Form the public in the form of deposits and providing finance to the investors. These Banks are in the ground for profit earning motive and in competition with each other. These banks are providing the basic services to the customers in the form of deposits, Advances, remittances and others. Commercial Banking Scenario In Pakistan: At the time of Independence in 1947. ther were 38 scheduled banks with 195 offices in Pakistan. But by December 3l†, 1973 there were 14 scheduled Pakistani Commercial Banks with 3233 Branches in Pakistan and 74 Branches in the Foreign Countries Nationalization of banks was done on 1st January 1974 under the Nationalization Ac 1 947 due to certain objectives. But it had negative effects on the efficiency of the banking sector. Afterwards, a Privatization Commission was set upon January 22nd, 1991. The Commission transferred many banks to the private sector, i. e. Muslim commercial Bank and Allied Bank Limited. The Govt. approved and permitted the establishment of 1 0 new private banks in August 1991 Functions of commercial Banks: I borrowing of money from customers in shape of term deposits (PLS Saving Current Deposits and Notice Deposits). 2 Lending of money to borrowers in shape of finances, short-term finances, and long-term finances under various names such as Demand Finance , Small Finance, Cash Finance. 3 Agency services. 4 Remittance of money. 5 Foreign exchange business, foreign currency deposits. LCS, Imports and exports etc. ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTRY: Banks play an important role in the economic development of a country. If the banking system is unorganized and inefficient, it creates market adjustments and impediments in the process of development. In Pakistan, the banking system is organized in well manner. The State Bank of Pakistan since July 1st. 1984 stands at the apex and is responsible of the operation of the banking system. The other bands, which form the banking structure in Pakistan, are playing role in h he economic development of the country. The role of the commercial bank in the growth and development of the economy on sound and steady footings is discussed briefly as follows: Mobilization of Resources: The commercial banks are the most efficient organization of the economy in the mobilization the resources and making a profitable pool of these resources. Taking the Money from the savers and lending it to the investors is the most prominent job of the hank Financing Development Projects: The banks and other financial institutions advance loans for the development projects that enhance the pace of overall development of the country. These advances are made in both public and private sectors for the purpose of achieving a good and strong economic field to catty on the other activities of trade and business. Creating Climate For Capital Formation: Capital formation is done by the act of accepting people’s money and putting into Profitable ventures. This money so accumulated, make possible the availability of the needed capital by the investors. The investors on the other hand are able to get the needed funds that shortfall their requirements. Planned Development: With the help of well-organized banking sector the government is able to make good Implementation of its economic planning and can execute developmental activities for the welfare of the society. Promotion of Saving Habit: There are persons who have money but cannot put them in profitable use. The banks attract these persons by offering a variety of accounts. They provide them not only the safety of the funds but also higher returns on them. The banks, in this way, promote the habit of saving among the people. Effective Implementation of Monetary Policy: With the help of a good banking system in the country the government and the central Banks regulate the monetary supply and demand of the money. A good system helps in the implementation of the policies that are formulated by the government. l through these banks using different techniques of credit control makes credit expansion and contraction. Narrowing Regional Disparity: The banks help in bridging the country. The surplus fund of on Region is sent to the centers of deficit. The less developed areas acquire funds, put them into productive channel and increase production. The banks help in a balanced growth the economy. Executive Summary CORPORATE   PROFILE Mian Mohammad Mansha Chairman S. M. Muneer Vice Chairman Tariq Rafi Shahzad Saleem Sarmad Amin Aftab Ahmad Khan Atif Yaseen Dr. Muhammad Yaqub Mian Raza Mansha Atif Bajwa President / CEO Board Committees : Audit Committee Dr. Muhammad Yaqub Chairman Tariq Rafi Member Mian Raza Mansha Member Atif Yaseen Member HR Committee Mian Muhammad Mansha Chairman Dr. Muhammad Yaqub Member Mian Raza Mansha Member Atif Bajwa Member Risk Management Committee Mr. Tariq Rafi Chairman S. M. Muneer Member Mian Raza Mansha Member Aftab Ahmed Khan Member Committee on Physical Planning, IT System and Contingency Arrangements Sarmad Amin Chairman Atif Yaseen Member Aftab Ahmad Khan Member Atif Bajwa Member Business Strategy & Development Committee Mian Mohammad Mansha Chairman S. M. Muneer Member Tariq Rafi Member Mian Raza Mansha Member Atif Bajwa Member Credit Committee Shahzad Saleem Chairman Sarmad Amin Member Tariq Rafi Member Mian Raza Mansha Member Chief Financial Officer Tahir Hassan Qureshi Company Secretary Abdus S. Sami Auditors KPMG Taseer Hadi & Co Chartered Accountants Riaz Ahmed & Co. Chartered Accountants Legal Advisors Mandviwalla & Zafar Advocates & Legal Consultants History of Muslim Commercial Bank The Muslim Commercial Bank Limited was incorporated on 9th July 1947 in Calcutta in Bengal. After partition, the Registered Office of the bank was hifted to Dhaka where it commenced business from August 1948. The Bank transferred its registered/Head office from Dhaka to Karachi in 1956. In 1999, its registered / Head office was transferred to Islamabad and Karachi office was named as principal office. The government transferred a 26% management stake to a group of leading industrialists, collectively named National Group of which Mian Mohammad Mansha is the Major stakeholder. In 1992 a further 24% was sold to the National Group. The current shareholding structure is 50% Nationa l Group, 25% government and 25% floated on bourses. NATIONALIZATION OF MCB Muslim Commercial Bank Limited was nationalized by the Government of Pakistan in January 1974 under the Banks Nationalization Act, 1974. Subsequent to nationalization the operations of premium Bank Limited were merged with the Muslim Commercial Bank Limited in June 1974. PRIVATIZATION OF MCB The previous Government declared the privatization policy as one of its main objectives and in accordance with its policy, the Government offered Muslim Commercial Bank Limited for privatization. The Bank was the first Public sector bank, which was privatized on 2nd April 1991. The Government of Pakistan transferred management of the bank to Private Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, â€Å"National Group† by selling 26% shares of the Bank at Rs. 56 per share. Present Status Over the years Muslim Commercial bank fostered strong bonds with its customers. MCB understands them; their needs. They feel comfortable with MCB; its their bank; it responds to them; listens to them; partners with them; grows with them. That is why it is one of the leading commercial banks of the country, providing a wide range of modem banking services. At present, the banking network consists of over 1000 branches along with – controlling offices known as Area Head offices and Regional Head offices. These controlling offices are responsible for the smooth operation of the bank on National & international levels. The entire financial and operational objectives are achieved with the Human Resources strength over 12000 employees. The bank is known as the major credit provider, best place of working and paymaster in the financial (money market) of the country. Over the past few years, MCB's profits have been hit by the need to increase provisions coverage and restructuring costs associated with the downsizing of the workforce and branch network, whilst there is some need to boost provisions, these charges (necessary to bring the bank back into shape) are largely over. It has also slowly received permission from the SBP to shut down a number of unprofitable branches. In 1999 EURO MONEY recognized MCB as the best domestic bank in Pakistan. The banking sector has been worst hit by the external account crisis that Engulfed the country following the nuclear tests. Due to the nature of banks as a Medium for debt transactions the country's technical default and subsequent rating downgrade impacted them the most. Those core concerns are still not fully alleviated in the view of the investors. The closest that investors have come to positive expectations regarding external account sustainability and a possible re- rating was back in the fourth quarter of the year 1999, and this led to MCB climbing to Pakistani rupees 56 per share. Resumption of the IMF funding and a possible rescheduling of bilateral debt will positively impact the banking sector and especially MCB. State Bank of Pakistan continued the process of Banking Reforms, which included strengthen of Prudential Regulations and focus on recovery of defaulted loans. In 1999 return on Government Savings Scheme and Treasury Bills was reduced, which led to a lowering of lending rates, resulting in erosion of margins for banks but it is likely to give a boost to economic activity. MCB Rupee travelers Cheques continued to maintain their leadership position in the industry and sales registered a 45% growth over last year. MCB successfully introduced the Rs. 100, 000 denomination cheque countrywide and introduced RTC dialup tele-verification facility from Lahore city as well. Mainly there are three types of Banking in MCB. These are: CORPORATE AND INVESTMENT BANKING Corporate Banking Group of MCB is focusing on top tier local corporate groups and multinationals in a structured and focused manner building relationships leading to increased market share. Branches having Advances of Rs. 100, 000,000 per party relationship and monitoring such advances are called as Corporate Branches. These branches include corporate clients and their requirements are looked after. There are about 20 corporate branches of MCB in Pakistan. OUR VISION & MISSION Vision Statement To be the leading financial services provider, partnering with our customers for a more prosperous and secure future. Mission Statement We are a team of committed professionals, providing innovative and efficient financial solutions to create and nurture long-term relationships with our customers. In doing so, we ensure that our shareholders can invest in us with confidence. COMMERCIAL BANKING The Commercial Banking Group of MCB continues to service the trading Community and middle market, with sustained focus on developing new customer relationships and increasing the asset portfolio. CONSUMER BANKING The Consumer Banking Group focuses on the lower end of the market and micro credit. Individual customer needs are being serviced through the introduction of diverse lifestyle consumer loans and introduction of new products and partnerships with service providers. Customers will continue to use the extensive branch network, which in turn will generate deposits to feed the asset development and liquidity requirements of the Bank through its diversified and stable deposit base. ATM TECHNOLOGY At MCB, technology has a direct relationship with the needs of the customers, it is a mean of creating value and convenience for the customer. Over the last few years MCB has invested heavily into strengthening its technology backbone. Today it is leading the way in banking technology and setting new standards for the banking industry, penetrating into the local market, listening to the needs of the people. MCB’s strength lies in providing technological base at a grass root levels of the society with a challenge to educate and assimilate such systems across vast cultural and economic backgrounds. With over 768 automated branches, 243 online branches, over 151 MCB’s ATMs in 27 cities nationwide and a network of over 16 banks on the MNet ATM switch, MCB continuously innovates new products and services that harness technology for the customer’s benefits. Additionally in order to enhance the utility of the ATM services they successfully linked their ATM network to the MasterCard, Cirrus and Maestro, effectively becoming part of the largest ATM network in the world. MasterCard and Cirrus/Maestro users can now access their ATM's network. Together with the above MCB made a strategic decision to establish an ATM switch and open their ATM network to other banks. The ATM switch has been named MNET. It has following banks in MNET switch: Standard Chartered Citi Bank MCB ATM  SERVICES MCB ATM Card Welcome to a world of convenience with the MCB ATM 24- Hour Smart Card. â€Å"It Works. Anytime in Pakistan and abroad. † With an ever growing number of ATMs operating across the nation, the MCB ATM Network is the largest and most advanced of its kind in the country, and is part of MCB's continuing efforts to provide you with convenience that suits your requirements most. And now the MCB ATM has gone global. MCB's affiliation with Master Card International brings about added facilities for the MCB traveler abroad with the Cirrus and Maestro networks. So go ahead! Use your MCB ATM 24- Hour Cash Card day or night, at home or abroad. MCB ATM Regular Card The MCB ATM Regular Card allows withdrawal of up to Rs. 10,000 per day and a maximum of 3 withdrawals per day per card. BRANCHES & ATMs Mnet MNET enables all the member banks to share their electronic networks. Which means customers of member banks can use MNET as well as 1-Link ATMs Nationwide. MNET member banks ATM machines accept cards issued by MCB Bank Ltd, Citibank, Standard Chartered, HSBC, Saudi Pak Bank Limited, Habib Metropolitan Bank, JS Bank, Deutsche Bank, SME Bank, Arif Habib Rupali Bank and First Women Bank. MNET customers can use over 600,000 ATMs worldwide that carry the logo and shop at over 5 million outlets that carry the logo. M-Net switch has currently 612 ATMs in 50 cities. We plan to have the network grow in faster pace in future as MCB itself will be adding more ATMs by the end of the year. The ATM deployment has been planned in such a manner that a customer will be only a few minutes away from an ATM in major cities. This coupled with geographic coverage provides the largest convenient spread in the country, because of which we are very strongly concentrating on Diverse Coverage & Convenience. M-Net Switch ATMs are present in all the major cities of the country. They are available in the hilliest and northern areas of the country such as Murree, Abbottabad and Swat etc thus providing convenience of accessing 24 hours cash to the customers across the country. M-Net switch also has its Service Centers in the main cities of the country providing support to member banks customers. M-Net Switch ATMs are also present in all 3 main Airports of Pakistan i. e. , Jinnah Terminal (Karachi), Allama Iqbal International Airport (Lahore) & Islamabad International Airport. MEMBER BANKS & their ATM Locations In Pakistan, the ATM facilities can be availed at any of the following locations: MCB Bank Ltd. Standard Chartered CITIBANK Saudi Pak Bank limited HSBC Habib Metropolitin Bank Arif Habib Rupali Bank Deutsche Bank First Women Bank SME Bank CORPORATE IMAGE BUILDING In view of Goals established through mission and vision statement, the first step taken was to change the corporate image of the Bank, which inclined following aspects: In 1991 Bank changed its logo from to current logo which is: Which signifies the growth and prosperity? The change of logo was part of effort to change image of the Bank as a progressive bank in the minds of people of country. A comprehensive electronic media campaign was launched with a logo â€Å"Good Banking getting even better† stressing on the improvement. An on going process of Face Lifting and renovation of MCB branches was started which is still going on. The purpose of it was to ensure the overall outlook of the bank changes and employees get a better environment to work and customers of the bank feel more comfortable. NEW PRODUCTS AND SERVICES SINCE PRIVITIZATION In order to achieve long-term goals of expansion and penetration in the market. Bank introduced various new products for its customers, which cater to the needs of various segments of the society. In order to do so, a constant process of market research, evaluation and development of New products was started which resulted in introduction of various new products which were earlier not introduced by any other Bank in the country. Introduction of these products was indeed a major source of penetration for the bank and turned out to be a differential factor as compared to other banks: Prime Currency Accounts – For foreign currency deposits, (since 1991) Mahana Khushali Scheme – A monthly income plan through deposit of a fixed sum in the account, (since 1991) Hajj Mubarik Scheme – For intending Pilgrims, (since 1991) Capital Growth Certificates – It doubles the deposit of depositor in 5 years. It offers high rate of return and was introduced for fetching long-term deposit, (since 1991) PLS 365 Savings Accounts. – Introduced high earning product with feature of calculation of profit on daily product basis. No restriction on deposit withdrawals and Minimum deposit of Rs. 300,000/- (since 1992) Fund Management Scheme – To generate funds to develop secondary market for Government Securities (from 1991 to 1992) MCB Khushali Bachat Accounts – Savings accounts with added value to customers due to profit application of daily product basis. MCB Dollar Khushali Accounts – For foreign currency deposits, (launched in 1993) FAXPRESS – A fast inter-city Remittance Service, (since 1991) MCB Rupee Travelers Cheques – The most popular product of MCB, introduced Rupee Traveler cheque for the very first time in the country and it immediately fetched high share of the market and MCB share is still growing – (launched in 1993) Consultancy Services For intending buyers of State-owned enterprises being privatized, (since 1991) Self-Financing Scheme – Mark-up free finance from 5000 to 25000. (since 1991) Night Banking Services (since 1991) Utility Bills Collection Centers – Separate utility Bills collection centers were established for collection of utility bills (since 1994) MCB MasterCard – (since 1994) EXPORTMOR – Financing facility for exporter (since 1994) REMITEXPRESS – A fast remittance service between Pakistan and Middle East. (Since 1994) Personal Banking Services- In order to promote Consumer Banking system in the country a proper personal Banking service was started for High Net worth clients of Bank in selected branches (since 1995) MCB Custodian Services – Launched for local and international capital market clients. Online- The largest network of branches in the country and growing. Providing customers with 24Ãâ€"7 real time online facilities. MCB Call Center- Call now for answers to your queries-banking services, ATM services, mobile banking services, RTC services, telebanking services and MCB product information. The state of the art MCB call center is the right choice to keep you in step with your ever hectic schedule by providing you services relating to your account and Smart card at any point in time. Our well-abreast and friendly call center team is available 24 x 7, 365 days a year to ensure that your daily financial obligations are taken care of guaranteeing you a good night’s sleep. Cash Plus-Cash management services for corporate customers help customers substantially reduce their receivable collection time frame, improve cash flow and business management. Islamic banking services through exclusive units/ branches offering a range of liability and asset based sharia compliant products like musharika, murabaha, ijara and istasana. MCB Mobile banking- Banking at your figure tips. Dial in anytime to get information regarding balance and mini statements. At the forefront of technological excellence, MCB proudly introduces MCB MOBILE BANKING. The convenience of accessing your account balance information and mini statements whenever you want or wherever you may need them, with comfort and peace of mind. MCB Mobile Banking service is available to all MCB ATM cardholders, 24 hours – 365 days. Just call our Help Line on 111-000-MCB(622) or any MCB online branch for assistance. Mobile Banking at a Glance MCB Mobile Banking gives you easy and quick access to your account(s) at a time you find convenient, including all holidays. Banking at your Fingertips With MCB Mobile Banking you can: Check your balance View the last 4 transactions of your MCB account(s). A Free Service MCB Mobile Banking is a free service for MCB account holders who have an ATM card. All you pay for is the cost of an SMS message if charged by the service provider. MCB lockers- The best protection for your valuables. Lockers of different capacities are available nationwide. Pyara ghar- Flexible and competitive home financing facility with options of home purchase, construction and renovation. MCB car cash- Car financing and leasing at competitive rates with flexible options. Largest ATM Network- of 100 ATMs connected to worldwide ATM network of about 350,000 ATMs along with Cirrus and Maestro facility enabling MCB ATM card to be used All over the world & anywhere in the country. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION For any organization to succeed, it is extremely vital to ensure Customer Satisfaction. Banks being in service sector, it is highly important that high service standards be maintained and real value to their money is provided to its customers. In order to do so MCB took three revolutionary steps: Provision of comparatively batter service to its customers as compared to other banks through value added features of low cost, quick disposal of work and friendly environment. Modernization, Computerization of most of the branches enabled Bank stay abreast with the technology and provision of better service at the root level to its customers. Bank also started an ongoing process of Branch face lifting creating a better congenial environment for its customers. In order to be more customers' conscious, MCB started a very effective and timely action system on Customer Complaints Departments in MCB Brief functions and responsibilities of departments at MCB are as follows. Human Resources and legal group: ? Recruitment. ? Training. ? Transfer & posting. ? Promotions. ? Disputes. ? Staff loans. Banks operations group: ? Policy. ? Premises. ? Capital & operating expenses processing. ? Return & consolidation. ? Reconciliation. ? Product sales. Relationship co-ordination. ? Service standards. ? Customer complaints. Financial Institution & overseas group: ? Inter-bank exposure. ? Forex licensing. Financial control & Audit group: ? Audit & internal control. ? Budgeting & planning. ? Monitoring of expenses. ? Financial reports. Credit & risk management group: ? Credit proposal evaluation & analysis. ? Project financing. ? Monitoring of credit portfolio of bank. . Corporate banking group: ? Placement of all multi-national & public sector companies. Consumer banking group: ? Penetration in high net-worth customers. ? Earning increase. Customer retention. Commercial banking group: ? Conduction of normal retail operations. Treasury & FX group: ? Funds management. ? Investment management. Assets management group/ Fraud control group: ? Classified portfolio looks after. ? Special assets management. ? Restructuring / Rescheduling. ? Out of court settlements Information technology group: ? ATM / CIRRUS facilities. ? I. T. related franchise management. ? SWIFT system. ? On-line branches network look after. ? Hardware / software support. MCB’s Management Hierarchy Business of MCB MCB is in it’s over 50 years of operation. It has network of over 1,100 branches all over the country with business establishments in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bahrain. The branch break-up province wise is Punjab (57%), Sindh (21%), NWFP (19%) and Baluchistan (3%) respectively. MCB has an edge over other local banks, as it was the first privatized bank. The State Bank of Pakistan has restricted the number of The Consumer Banking of MCB provides customers with innovative saving schemes, products and services. The ATM network of MCB is the largest in Pakistan and the Pak Rupee Travelers Cheques are market leaders. MCB was the first to introduce the Photo Card with the launch of the MCB MasterCard. The Corporate Banking of MCB ensures assistance from a dedicated team of professional financial advisors for underwriting, project finance or corporate advisory services. When it comes to banking practices, the consumer can depend on MCB, because it'd been around for over fifty years. The State Bank of Pakistan has restricted the number of branches that can be opened by foreign banks, an advantage that MCB capitalizes because of its extensive branch network. Eight years after privatization, MCB is now in a consolidation stage designed to lock in the gains made in recent years and prepare the groundwork for future growth. The bank has restructured its asset portfolio and rationalized the cost structure in order to remain a low cost producer. MCB now focuses on three core businesses namely Corporate, Commercial and Consumer Banking. Corporate clientele includes public sector companies as well as large local and multi national concerns. MCB is also catering to the growing middle class by providing new asset and liability products. The Bank provides 24 hour banking convenience with the largest ATM network in Pakistan covering 9 cities with around 100 ATM locations. The Bank's Rupee Traveler Cheques have been market leaders for the past six years. MCB looks with confidence at year 2002 and beyond, making strides towards fulfillment of its mission, â€Å"to become the preferred provider of quality financial services in the country with profitability and responsibility and to be the best place to work†. Corporate Banking MCB's Corporate Banking Team consists of dedicated professionals with the requisite expertise to take care of the banking needs. The Corporate Bank with 20 branches has its presence in all major cities of Pakistan. The Area Offices are located in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. Corporate Platforms have been established in the three principal cities where teams of dedicated Relationship Managers have been posted. These Relationship Managers have been entrusted with the complete responsibility for managing the risk of their allocated portfolios, acting as allusion between the customer and the bank, and providing you with the entire range of products/services offered by the bank. The products/services of the Corporate Bank are broadly divided into the following categories: Working Capital Loans: The working capital loan includes Running Finance, Cash Finance, Export Refinance, Pre-shipment and Post-shipment etc. Term Loans: Offer Short to Medium Term Finance to meet capital expenditure of the customer business needs. Trade Finance Services: Trade finances services that include an entire range of import and export activities including issuing Letters of Credit (L/Cs), purchasing export documents, providing guarantees and other support services. Cash Management: The network of about 1100 branches in Pakistan enables the bankers to collect and disburse payments efficiently with the MCB cash management services. This also enables. the bankers to offer the customer’s choice of paper based or electronic fund transfer solutions including collection amounts, rose branch on- line transactions etc. Investment Banking The Investment Banking Team of MCB has emerged as a leading player in Pakistan's investment banking arena. The Team handles advisory, corporate finance and capital markets related transactions. Within these areas, the investment banking team of the MCB has developed expertise in the following areas of the investment: Private Placements Debt/Equity Underwriting Term Finance Certificates Loan Syndication Arrangement of Non- Fund Facilities Mergers and Acquisitions Financial Highlights The results for the year 2001 are reflective of sustaining all-around efforts over the few years, to maintain profitable growth along with prudent and proactive risk management and expansion of product range of customers. Pre-profit for the year 2001 was Rs. 2. 0 billion as against Rs. 1. 32 billion in 2000-a healthy increase of 59%. Growth in profitability is primarily due to fund-based activities through efficient assets and liability management. Fee based income was lower despite increase in volumes due to competitive pricing and discontinuation of charges on PLS accounts. Administrative expenses grew by 3% generally attributed to absorb effect of inflation and enhancement in Govt. levies. Pr agmatic efforts are, however, under way to manage costs in relation to revenues to further improve the revenue/expense ratio. Higher level of provisions was in the line with the Bank’s policy to upfront recognize problem lending. In 2001, the Bank managed to recover Rs. 2. 19 billion as against Rs. 1. 97 billion in 2000. The balance sheet footings have increased to Rs. 187 billion from Rs. 175 billion primarily based on deposit growth. Deposits have registered a substantial increase of 14% and stand at Rs. 154. 5 billion in 2001 as against Rs. 136 billion in 2000. Despite of low PLS deposit rates, branch network has shown a commendable performance by increasing and managing the deposit mix. This has been possible by improvement in customer services and targeted sales of products like ATM cards. Net advances as at December 31, 2001 stood at Rs. 76. 6 billion, a reduction of Rs. 9. 8 billion. Demand for credit from manufacturing and export clients fell considerably, post September 11,2001, which led to a reduction in advances as on the balance sheet date from a higher level during the year. Leadership in Rupee Travelers Cheques: Sales have grown by 26% in the year 2001 and continue to reflect meteoric growth. With the extension of the generic brand, increase in the range of denomination backed by a powerful verification system and over 900 branches involved in this business. Leadership in ATM’s: With around 100 ATMs and 170 online branches, MCB is again an undoubted Indus leader with connectivity extended to 16 cities of Pakistan. In the year 2002 further ATM will be deployed and connectivity increased to other cities. MCB ATMs not only serve 24-hour cash convenience but also improve on the counter services and turn around time at cash counters. The MCB ATM Master Card with Maestro and Cirrus networks has become a global ervice furthering the convenience to our customers. Traveling customers can access their account from a large number of internationally deployed ATMs and point of Sale (POS) units. The MCB ATM Switch – MNET is now operational. IT GROUP of MCB has been able to create the largest network for secure electronic financial transactions in Pakistan. Local branches of six international banks are connecting to this network. This will enable participating banks to use each others' ATMs resulting in an increased convenience to MCB customers and customers of other banks. The IT Group is currently expanding the network capability to provide the customers access to banking through multiple electronic channels. American Express Bank enters into an ATM sharing alliance with Muslim Commercial Bank: Muslim Commercial Bank Limited and American Express Bank Ltd. signed a Memorandum Of Understanding creating a mutually beneficial alliance, which will enable customers of American Express Bank to use ATM facilities offered by Muslim Commercial Bank. Mr. Taufiq A. Hussain, Country Manager, American Express Bank Ltd. , Pakistan in a simple ceremony in Karachi, signed the MOU. MCB has setup an ATM Switch called MNET and American Express Bank is the fourth foreign bank to sign the sharing MOU. Speaking at the ceremony – AEB Country Manager said, â€Å"Customer service quality is the cornerstone of AEB's philosophy and this initiative will significantly enhance our customer service capability for our consumer banking clients†. He added â€Å"After having considered various routes to acquire this capability AEB selected MCB as an ideal partner keeping in view the large network capability and long standing relationship with MCB†. MCB with a network of over 1000 branches in the largest private sector bank of the country. The Bank is a market leader in 24 hour banking convenience with the largest nationwide ATM network covering 11 major cities in all provinces of the country. CITI bank and Muslim Commercial Bank sign ATM sharing agreement: Muslim Commercial Bank and CITI Bank signed an ATM sharing agreement today. By the middle of this year, both Banks’ customers will be able to use the services of either Bank's ATMs. Seen at the signing  ceremony are Mr. Haroon Basheer Sheikh, Head of Consumer Banking and Information Technology – MCB and Mr. Nadeem Hussain, General Manager Global Manager Global Consumer Banking – CITI Bank Pakistan with their respective team members. Standard Chartered Grindlays and Muslim Commercial Bank to launch co-branded credit card: Rated as Pakistan's best banks (‘domestic' and foreign' respectively) by Euro money magazine Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB) and Standard Chartered Grindlays signed a Memorandum of Understanding to launch the first-ever joint servicing co-branded credit card in Pakistan. Under the arrangement the partnering banks will have shared as well as distributed responsibilities to service the customers in line with their respective strength's. The Partnership will derive its strength by combining the large diversified customer base of MCB and the track record of Standard Chartered Grindlays in managing a successful credit card business in Pakistan. MCB, the largest Private Bank in Pakistan, has over four million accounts domiciled in 1100 branches across the country. Standard Chartered Grindlays, the largest foreign bank in Pakistan, has over ninety thousand satisfied card members and is a leading international player in the cards business. With this new initiative the customers product of the two leading banks in Pakistan. This agreement further strengthens the relationship between these two banks; earlier this year Standard Chartered Grindlays signed an agreement to join MCB's switch/ATM network, the largest in the country. FAYSAL BANK LIMITED to sell Muslim Commercial Bank’s Rupee traveler’s cheques: Muslim Commercial Bank Limited and Faysal Bank Limited signed an agreement for the Sale and purchase of MCB Rupee Travelers Cheques at all 11 Faysal Bank branches in Pakistan. Main categories of Account opening form: Type of Account There is a category of â€Å"Type of Account â€Å", the customer can check any option to open a certain account. Following are certain kinds of accounts: Current PLS-Saving MCB Saving-365 Khushali Bachat PLS Term Deposit New Foreign Currency Account (Current/Saving) Currency There is a category of â€Å"Currency† in the form: In this section there are four kinds of currencies are given in which MCB opens account. They are: Pakistani Rupee US dollar Nature of Account There is a category of â€Å"nature of account† i. e. Individual Partnership Sole proprietor Joint stock company Introduction Before opening an account a banker should ascertain weather or not the person desirous of opening the account is a desirable customer. There is Reference section in the form in which the person who wants to open an account must provide a reference of a person who has already an account with MCB. For current account only reference of current account holder is accepted whereas for saving account reference of any whether current or saving is allowed. Preliminary investigation is necessary because of the following reasons: ? To avoid frauds ? Safe guard against unintended overdrafts ? To avoid negligence ? To replay inquiries against clients ? To comply with Prudential Regulations/Laws There is a specimen signature card with the bank on which the signature of account holder is to be taken while opening of his account. And then he is issued with a cheque book. It is advised that one must keep his cheque book under proper care but there are cases that people sometimes lost their cheque books. In that case there is an application form in the name of manager is available and the customer who wants to get a new cheque book fills that form and gives it to the manager then he is provided with a new cheque book. In other case a requisition slip is present in the cheque book and whenever the customer wants a new cheque book he simply fills that requisition slip and presents it to manager and gets a new cheque book. Know your Customer In view of recent heightened global efforts to prevent the possible use of the banking sector for money laundering, terrorist financing, transfer of illegal/ill-gotten monies and as a conduit for white collar crime etc, the importance of â€Å"Know your Customer† has increased. The objective of knowing a customer is to have a fair idea about the identity, financial resources and general information about the customer at the time when the relationship is established. A banker must have following information about the customer: Customer’s Name: Enter complete name as mentioned in original Identity Card/other business documents. Nature of Business/Profession: If the customer is of salaried class then banker will enter his employer’s name. If the customer is a businessman, trader, sole proprietor, then the banker will enter the business name. Also enter the customer’s title/position and address of the employer/business. Addresses with P. O. Box are not acceptable. Similarly remarks like â€Å"Private Service†, â€Å"Business† are not acceptable, rather specify what type of company/business the customer is associated with. In case of individual his attested Photocopy of national identity card or passport is required, in case of salaried person, attested photocopy of his sarvice card. In case of partnership attested photocopy of identity cards of all partners is required and attested photo copy of â€Å"Partner ship Deed† along with a copy of Registration certificate with registrar of firms. In case of Company, Memorandom and Article of association, certificate of incorporation, certificate of commencement of business and attested photocopy of identity cards of all the directors is required. Address: Enter the complete residential/business address. Within the brackets you may also provide prominent address identification marks for ease of physically locating the address. Contact Number: Enter home, official, mobile, fax numbers and e-mail address (if available). Special Instructions: Clear-cut operational instructions must be obtained from the customers. If the customer has not given any special instructions in specified column, the column must be cancelled by drawing a line, as this column must not be left blank under any circumstances. The bankers considered the following points while opening the accounts: Remittances Department The next department I worked in is Remittances department. The incharge of this department, Mr. Khalid told me that there are four kinds of remittances they deal in: ? Telegraphic Transfer ? Mail transfer ? Demand Draft ? Pay order Another task of this department was to issue the traveler cheque and to give the ATM card numbers. Here is a little detail of all of these works: Telegraphic Transfer: It is a facility provided by the bank through which a customer can send or transfer any amount immediately. The procedure for the customer is simple. And more importantly the person who wants to transfer the funds may not have the account in the bank even then he can avail this facility. The procedure is like this, a customer walks in and fills an application form named as â€Å"APPLICATION FOR REMITTANCE† in which he mentions the bank to which he wants to transfer the funds also the name of the payee, his account number, also he has to mention his own address etc. then there are charges for this special facility provided by the bank and the bank receives these from the person who is sending the funds. Further there are two kinds of telegraphic transfers: Ordinary TT TT The ordinary TT reaches to its destination after two days of its dispatchment whereas simple TT reaches to its payee immediately because the payee branch is informed immediately through telephone and fax. For ordinary TT only two vouchers are prepared: Commission Voucher Postage Voucher Whereas for TT three vouchers are prepared: Commission Postage Telephone charges In the application form of TT there are two options available for the person who is sending the funds i. e whether the payees account is credited for the same amount or payee is simply to receive the payment in hand. Documents Prepared: The documents that are prepared for the TT are: TT register Remittances Confirmation of cable sent And afterwards whole of these information are recorded in a big register named as: Branch outward remittance register And after this procedure the respective branch is informed through telephone. Recommendations This whole procedure is quite lengthy and hectic. So the only recommendation that could be given is, it must be computerized Another task of the accounts department is to give the customers the ATM card number. The procedure is like this that when a customer applies for the ATM card, he is given a certain time to collect the card. On due date the customers gets his card from manager and for safety purpose the ATM number remains with the account department and the customer gets his number from there. Traveler cheque In account deptt there are two people working. One’s job is to issue the traveler cheque and the other is suppose to make the payment of TC. This work is separated for the purpose of safety and to prevent the frauds. When RTC is issued it is written in Traveler cheque register and when it is paid it is posted in MBIS. Traveler cheque register is used to maintain the stock of RTC’s. When RTC is issued HO RTC deptt. Is credited and when RTC is purchased it is debited. One of the person has the complete register of staff’s salary he maintains a staff salary register. The remittance facilities of the MCB are according to the need of the customer. Your beneficiary will receive the amount even if he/she does not have an MCB account. The Remit Express facilities the MCB can be avail in the following Bank/Companies: Demand draft Demand Draft can be explained as the instrument which is payable on demand as its name implies the same, the value of which has already been received. This instrument is issued by one branch and payable at other branch of same bank or other bank’s branch e. g. DD issued by MCB payable by ACBL. Procedure of issuance: The customer wants to make the DD fills in the same form or application i. e of remittances in which he mentions the DD, the beneficiary’s name, the place, the mode of payment i. e, whther he wants the payee to receive the cash, cheque or debit his account, signature and his name and address Check the application form. Commission is charged as per bank policy. Also excise duty & withholding tax are recovered as per applicable rates. Entry is then made in DD issued register. In the DD issued register, separate folio is allotted for each drawee branch and a serial control number is applied. The entries made is DD payable account is credited and cash is debited and when the payee receives the cash against DD, DD payable account is debited and cash is credited. Procedure of Cancellation of D. D. On receiving the application for cancellation in writing along with original DD the signature of the applicant is verified This signature should tally with the signature on DD application form. Then cancellation is marked in DD issued register and the drawee branch is Informed about cancellation. Issuance of Duplicate DD In case of Lost/Stop Payment: Application is received and signature is verified, then the drawee branch is informed about the loss of DD and further they are advised to tell the branch the status of DD i. e whether it has been paid or not. Then a duplicate of DD is issued with â€Å"Duplicate in lieu of original DD No____ dated____ reported lost† written on its face. The duplicate DD will have the same control number. PAY ORDERS: Pay order is a kind of instrument issued and paid in the same branch. It is normally issued for payment in the same city. Procedure of Issuance of Pay order: The customer fills the remittances application form and mark check on pay order. On receiving application he is issued with a pay order after receiving charges. All pay orders are crossed i. e â€Å"Payees a/c only† Procedure of Cancellation of Pay order: On receiving application for cancellation of pay order along with the pay order, it is cancelled and cancellation charges are recovered. Duplicate Pay Order: If the payment of pay order has not yet been made a duplicate copy of it can be made on receiving application from the customer. The duplicate charges are recovered from customer. Clearing Department Clearing: Clearing implies a system by which banks exchange cheques and other negotiable instruments drawn on each other within a specified area and thereby secure payment for their clients through the clearing house at specified time in an efficient way. Clearing House: In past State bank was indulged in clearing function i. e for the settlement of mutual obligations of different commercial banks. As all banks have their accounts and keep a certain percentage of the cash deposits as a reserve with Central Bank, it become easy to set up their mutual obligations by off-setting their accounts. The claim of banks against each other is settled by simple transfers from and to their accounts. These methods of settling accounts though the central bank, apart from being convenient is economical as regards the use of cash since account are adjusted through accounts, there is usually no need for cash. At present this function of state bank is performed by NIFT. And now clearing house is a place where NIFT’s representatives of all scheduled banks sit together and interchange their claims against each other with the help of controlling staff of State Bank of Pakistan and where there is no branch of State Bank of Pakistan the designated branch of National Bank of Pakistan acts as controlling member instead of State Bank of Pakistan. Reasons of Cancellation of Membership: When a bank is no longer a scheduled bank. When any bank fails to meet its liabilities. When It is prohibited to receive fresh deposits by State Bank of Pakistan or Central Government. Advantages of Clearing: dAs clearing does not involve any cash etc and all the transaction takes place through book entries, the number of transactions can be unlimited. dNo cash is needed, as such the risks of robbery, embezzlements and pilferage are totally eliminated. dAs major payments are made through clearing, the banks came manage cash payments at the counters with a minimum amount of cash in vaults. dA lot of time, cost and labor are saved. Since it provides an extra service to the customers of banks without any service charges or costs, more and more people are inclined and attracted towards banking. Rules & Regulations of Clearing House: Timing: -Monday through Saturday 1st Clearing 10. 00 A. M. 2nd Clearing 2. 30 P. M. ? Cheques and other negotiable instruments are sent through NIFT’s representative for exchange. ? All the cheques and negotiable instruments must be properly stamped and suitably discharged ? Each and every Cheque must be accompanied by an objection memo when returned unpaid duly initialed. ? Each bank is required to maintain sufficient funds in the principal account with SBP to meet the payment obligations. The State Bank of Pakistan debits the account of each member of the clearinghouse with the proportionate working expenses incurred on the operation of clearing house. These expenses are very nominal. Functioning of Clearing House: All the scheduled banks which are the member of clearing house, must maintain accounts with SBP, by debit and credit to which the clearing settlements are made. If on a particular day, a bank delivers Cheque and other negotia ble instruments worth more than the total amount of Cheque received by it that banks account with State Bank of Pakistan will be credited with the differential amount. If on the other hand the total amount of Cheque and other negotiable instruments drawn on a certain bank by other banks is more than the total amount receivable by it from other banks, then this bank's account will be debited on that day. The Cheque delivered to the other banks through NIFT’s representatives for clearing are called outward clearing; whereas Cheque received from the representatives of other banks for payment are called inward clearing. How settlement is done in NIFT? Presume that MCB got the Cheque, which are drawn on UNION BANK, UBL and ACBL for amounts Rs. 50,000/-, Rs. 30,000/-, Rs. 5,000/- respectively, its total being Rs. 95,000/-. It means that this amount is to be credited to MCB A/c with S. B. P. On the other hand the Cheques drawn on MCB are from UNION BANK, UBL & ACBL of Rs. 15,000/- Rs. 75,000/- and Rs. 30,000/- respectively, its total being Rs. 1,20,000/-. It means that this amount is to be debited from MCB A/c. The difference between Rs. 95. 000/- credit and Rs. 120. 000/- debit is Rs. 25,000/- debit, which means the house, is against MCB for Rs. 25,000/-. If we separately show it then, MCB has to receive Rs. 50,000/- from UNION BANK and to pay Rs. 15,000/- to UNION BANK so difference is Rs. 5,000/- credit. MCB has to receive Rs. 30,000/- from UBL and to pay Rs. 75,000/- to UBL so difference is Rs. 45,000/- debit. MCB has to receive from ACBL Rs. 15,000/- and to pay Rs. 30,000/- to MCB so difference is Rs. 15,000/- debit. GRAND TOTAL: + 35,000, – 45,000, -15,000 = -25,000 i. e. Rs. 25,000/- debit. Hence MCB A/c with State Bank of Pakistan will be debited with Rs. 25,000/- and the contra will be other banks accounts respectively. This is called as â€Å"Debit and Credit Rule†. The amounts and number of instruments received are entered in the House Book from the main schedules of the respective banks. The State Bank of Pakistan maintains two major books for clearing house purpose :- HOUSE REGISTER. This book contains the information about the amounts and number of cheques received and delivered by each bank is noted down. Its columns are just like our clearing house-page. HOUSE BALANCE BOOK: This book contains the amount and number of cheques received and delivered by each bank as well as the amounts which are to be received and paid to respective banks through their accounts by State Bank of Pakistan is written down. This book has the following columns:- |Initials |To Pay Amount |No. f Cheques Received/Delivered |Name of Bank|Received Amount |To Received Amount|Initials | Both sides of this book are balanced. Vouchers are prepared from the slips received from the respective banks and the amounts are compared with this balance book. Summary of Clearing House Working: The working of clearing house may be summarized as under:- ? The instruments are delivered to the respective banks. ? The instruments drawn on our Bank are received from other banks. ? The amount and number of instruments received are entered in the House Book from the main schedules of respective banks. The amount of instruments delivered, received and the difference is written on a Figure slip provided in the clearinghouse and the slip is returned to the supervisor. ? The instruments are arranged branch-wise. ? Schedules are detached and kept safely. OUTWARD CLEARING AT THE BRANCH: The following points are to be taken into consideration white an instrument is accepted at the counter to be presented in Outward Clearing: ? The name of the branch appears on its face where it is drawn on. ? It should not be stale or post dated or without date. ? Amount in words and figures does not differ. Signature of the drawer appears on the face of instrument. ? Instrument is not mutilated. ? There should be no material alteration if so, it should be properly authenticated. ? If order instrument, suitably endo rsed and the last endorsee's account being credited. ? Endorsement is in accordance with the crossings if any. ? The amount of the instrument is same as mentioned on the paying-in-slip and counterfoil. ? The title of account on the paying-in-slip is that of payee or endorsee (with the exception of bearer cheque). If an instrument is in order then our bank's special crossing stamp is affixed across the face of the instrument. Clearing stamp is affixed on the face of the instruments, paying-in-slip and counterfoil (The stamp is affixed in such a manner that half appears on paying-in-slip and half on counterfoil). The instrument is suitably discharged, where a bearer cheque does not require any discharge and also an instrument in favor of a bank need not be discharged. The instrument along with paying-in-slip is retained while the counterfoil is given to the customer duly signed. Then the following steps are to be taken:- ? The particulars of the instruments and the pay-in-slips or credit vouchers are entered in the Outward Clearing Register. Serial number is given to each voucher. ? The register is balanced, the credit vouchers are separated from the instruments and are released to respective departments against acknowledgement in the register. ? The instruments are arranged bank-wise. ? The schedules are prepared in triplicate, two copies of which are attached with the relevant instruments and the third i s kept as office copy. ? The house page is prepared from schedules in triplicate. ? The Officer Incharge with branch stamp signs the schedules and house pages. ? The grand total of the house page is taken and agreed with that of the outward clearing register. The instruments along with duplicate schedules and house-page are sent to the Main Office. ? However the amount is kept in float till final status of various instruments is known from respective paying banks in second dealing. The entry of the instruments returned unpaid is made in Cheques Returned Register. If the instrument is not to be presented again in clearing then a covering memo is prepared. The covering memo along with returned instrument and objection memo is sent to the customer who deposited the same in his account. INWARD CLEARING OF THE BRANCH: The particulars of the instruments are compared with the list. The instruments are detached and sorted out department-wise. ? The entry is made in the Inward Clearing Regis ter (Serial Number, instrument number, Account number and amount of instrument is written). ? The instruments are sent to the respective departments against acknowledgement in the Inward Clearing Register. ? The instruments are scrutinized in each respect before honoring the same. OUTWARD CHEQUES RETURNED UNPAID: These are the cheques returned unpaid by us presented to us in Inward Clearing due to some objections. INWARD CHEQUES RETURNED UNPAID: These are the cheques returned unpaid to us, which were lodged by us in Outward Clearing. RETURN OF CHEQUES AFTER CLEARING HOUSE: Suppose all cheques received in the inward clearing are passed and later on it is found that a cheque should have been returned. In such cases, we contact the collecting branch and request them not to make payment against the proceeds of the cheque which was not returned unpaid by us in due time. The cheque with objection memo along with a covering letter is sent to the collecting branch, making request to issue a payment order in our favor. To balance the cash-cum-day book we may debit Suspense A/c Sundry Debtors with the approval of the manager. When the payment order is received, it is lodged in clearing and the Suspense A/c -Sundry Debtor is adjusted accordingly. SPECIAL CLEARING: In addition to the normal clearing function at Clearing House it is mutually agreed to hold an extra clearing at the Clearing House on a particular day and time, which is known, as â€Å"Special Clearing†. It is arranged due to rush of work arising out of say, m